The Present Perfect Tense.
Present perfect digunakan untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara masa kini dan masa lalu. Waktu tindakan atau kejadiannya adalah sebelum sekarang, tetapi tidak spesifik, dan kita sering kali lebih tertarik dengan hasil atau akibatnya daripada tindakan itu sendiri.
PRESENT PERFECT DIGUNAKAN UNTUK MENDESKRIPSIKAN:
- Tindakan atau situasi yang dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlanjut hingga kini. I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= dan saya masih tinggal di sana.)
- Tindakan yang dilakukan selama periode waktu yang belum selesai atau berakhir. She has been to the cinema twice this week (= dan minggu ini belum berakhir.)
- Tindakan berulang dalam periode yang tidak ditentukan antara masa lalu dan kini. We have visited Portugal several times.
- Tindakan yang baru saja selesai atau berakhir, dinyatakan dengan just. I have just finished my work.
- Tindakan di mana waktu tidaklah penting. He has read 'War and Peace'. (= hasil atau akibat dari tindakan membaca itu penting)
Catatan: Saat kita ingin memberikan atau meminta detail mengenai kapan, di mana, dan siapa, kita menggunakan simple past.
TINDAKAN YANG DIMULAI DI MASA LALU DAN MASIH BERLANJUT HINGGA KINI
- They haven't lived here for years.
- She has worked in the bank for five years.
- We have had the same car for ten years.
- Have you played the piano since you were a child?
SAAT PERIODE WAKTU TINDAKAN BELUM SELESAI ATAU BERAKHIR
- I have worked hard this week.
- It has rained a lot this year.
- We haven't seen her today.
TINDAKAN BERULANG DALAM PERIODE WAKTU YANG TIDAK DITENTUKAN ANTARA MASA LALU DAN KINI
- They have seen that film six times
- It has happened several times already.
- She has visited them frequently.
- We have eaten at that restaurant many times.
TINDAKAN YANG BARU SAJA SELESAI ATAU BERAKHIR (+ JUST)
- Have you just finished work?
- I have just eaten.
- We have just seen her.
- Has he just left?
SAAT WAKTU TINDAKAN YANG TEPAT TIDAK PENTING ATAU TIDAK DIKETAHUI
- Someone has eaten my soup!
- Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
- She's studied Japanese, Russian, and English.
MEMBENTUK PRESENT PERFECT
Present perfect dari kata kerja apa pun terdiri dari dua unsur: bentuk auxiliary verb to have (present tense) yang sesuai, ditambah past participle dari kata kerja utama. Bentuk past participle dari kata kerja beraturan adalah kata dasar + ed, seperti played, arrived, looked. Untuk kata kerja tidak beraturan, lihatlah tabel kata kerja tidak beraturan di bagian verb.
| Positif |
| Subjek |
to have |
past participle |
| She |
has |
visited. |
| Negatif |
| Subjek |
to have + not |
past participle |
| She |
has not (hasn't) |
visited. |
| Pertanyaan |
| to have |
subjek |
past participle |
| Has |
she |
visited? |
| Pertanyaan negatif |
| to have + not |
subjek |
past participle |
| Hasn't |
she |
visited? |
TO WALK, PRESENT PERFECT
|
| Positif |
Negatif |
Pertanyaan |
| I have walked |
I haven't walked |
Have I walked? |
| You have walked |
You haven't walked. |
Have you walked? |
| He, she, it has walked |
He, she, hasn't walked |
Has he, she, it walked? |
| We have walked |
We haven't walked |
Have we walked? |
| You have walked |
You haven't walked |
Have you walked? |
| They have walked |
They haven't walked |
Have they walked? |